LPIC-1 (Linux Professional Institute Certification Level 1) is a popular certification for entry-level Linux administrators. While it covers various topics related to Linux system administration, including command-line operations, file management, and basic scripting, it does not have a specific set of "syntaxes" per se. However, I can provide you with a list of commonly used command-line syntaxes and examples that are relevant to LPIC-1.
1. Command Syntax:
```
command [options] [arguments]
```
2. File Operations:
- Copy a file:
```
cp source_file destination_file
```
- Move or rename a file:
```
mv source_file destination_file
```
- Remove a file:
```
rm file
```
3. Directory Operations:
- Create a directory:
```
mkdir directory_name
```
- Change directory:
```
cd directory_name
```
- List files and directories:
```
ls [options] [directory]
```
4. User and Group Management:
- Create a user:
```
useradd username
```
- Change a user's password:
```
passwd username
```
- Create a group:
```
groupadd groupname
```
5. Permissions and Ownership:
- Change permissions:
```
chmod permissions file
```
- Change ownership:
```
chown owner:group file
```
6. Process Management:
- List running processes:
```
ps [options]
```
- Terminate a process:
```
kill process_id
```
7. Package Management:
- Install a package:
```
apt-get install package_name
```
- Update package lists:
```
apt-get update
```
- Upgrade installed packages:
```
apt-get upgrade
```
8. File Searching and Text Processing:
- Search for a specific pattern in a file:
```
grep pattern file
```
- Find files and directories based on specific criteria:
```
find [path] [options]
```
9. Networking and Connectivity:
- Check network connectivity:
```
ping host
```
- Display network configuration:
```
ifconfig
```
- Establish an SSH connection to a remote host:
```
ssh username@hostname
```
10. System Information and Monitoring:
- Display system information:
```
uname [options]
```
- View system resource usage:
```
top
```
- Display disk space usage:
```
df [options]
```
11. Archiving and Compression:
- Create a compressed tar archive:
```
tar cfvz archive.tar.gz files/directories
```
- Extract files from a tar archive:
```
tar xfvz archive.tar.gz
```
12. Shell Scripting:
- Write and execute a shell script:
```
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, world!"
```
- Make a shell script executable:
```
chmod +x script.sh
```
13. File Permissions and Access Control Lists:
- Modify permissions using symbolic notation:
```
chmod [permissions] file
```
- Modify permissions using octal notation:
```
chmod [mode] file
```
- Set access control lists (ACLs) for a file or directory:
```
setfacl [options] file
```
14. System Startup and Services:
- Start a service:
```
systemctl start service_name
```
- Stop a service:
```
systemctl stop service_name
```
- Enable a service to start on boot:
```
systemctl enable service_name
```
15. Disk Partitioning and Formatting:
- List disk partitions:
```
fdisk -l
```
- Create a new partition:
```
fdisk /dev/sdX
```
- Format a partition:
```
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdXY
```
16. System Logging and Log Files:
- View system log messages:
```
tail -f /var/log/syslog
```
- View log files for a specific service:
```
tail -f /var/log/service_name.log
```
17. Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS):
- View the FHS hierarchy:
```
man hier
```
18. Remote File Transfer:
- Transfer files to/from a remote host using SCP:
```
scp source_file username@hostname:destination_directory
```
- Transfer files to/from a remote host using SFTP:
```
sftp username@hostname
```
19. Filesystem Management:
- Mount a filesystem:
```
mount device_name mount_point
```
- Unmount a filesystem:
```
umount mount_point
```
20. File and Text Manipulation:
- View the contents of a file:
```
cat file
```
- Count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file:
```
wc file
```
- Concatenate files and display the output:
```
cat file1 file2
```
21. Environment Variables:
- Display the value of an environment variable:
```
echo $VAR_NAME
```
- Set an environment variable:
```
export VAR_NAME=value
```
22. Regular Expressions:
- Search and replace using sed:
```
sed 's/pattern/replacement/g' file
```
- Search and replace using awk:
```
awk '/pattern/ { gsub(/search/, "replace"); print }' file
```
23. Cron Jobs:
- Edit the cron jobs for the current user:
```
crontab -e
```
- Display the cron jobs for the current user:
```
crontab -l
```
24. SSH Configuration:
- Edit the SSH server configuration file:
```
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
```
- Restart the SSH service after making changes:
```
sudo systemctl restart sshd
```
25. File Compression and Extraction:
- Create a compressed tar archive using gzip:
```
tar czvf archive.tar.gz files/directories
```
- Extract files from a compressed tar archive using gzip:
```
tar xzvf archive.tar.gz
```
- Create a compressed zip archive:
```
zip archive.zip files/directories
```
- Extract files from a zip archive:
```
unzip archive.zip
```
26. Network Configuration:
- Configure a static IP address:
```
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
```
- Restart the network service after making changes:
```
sudo systemctl restart networking
```
27. System Monitoring and Performance:
- Display real-time system performance statistics:
```
top
```
- View CPU usage per process:
```
top -c
```
- Monitor system resource usage and processes:
```
htop
```
28. Filesystem Quotas:
- Enable quotas on a filesystem:
```
sudo quotacheck -cug /path/to/filesystem
sudo quotaon /path/to/filesystem
```
- Set quotas for users or groups:
```
sudo edquota -u username
sudo edquota -g groupname
```
29. RAID Configuration:
- Create a RAID array:
```
mdadm --create /dev/mdX --level=<RAID_level> --raid-devices=<number_of_devices> /dev/sd[a-d]X
```
- Monitor the status of RAID arrays:
```
cat /proc/mdstat
```
30. Network Services:
- Start a service:
```
sudo systemctl start service_name
```
- Stop a service:
```
sudo systemctl stop service_name
```
- Check the status of a service:
```
sudo systemctl status service_name
```
31. Filesystem Permissions with Symbolic Notation:
- Add permissions:
```
chmod +[permissions] file
```
- Remove permissions:
```
chmod -[permissions] file
```
- Assign permissions to owner, group, and others:
```
chmod u=[permissions] file
chmod g=[permissions] file
chmod o=[permissions] file
```
32. Network Troubleshooting:
- Check network connectivity with a specific port:
```
telnet host port
```
- Display network interface information:
```
ip addr show
```
- Check the routing table:
```
ip route show
```
33. Logical Volume Management (LVM):
- Create a physical volume:
```
pvcreate /dev/sdX
```
- Create a volume group:
```
vgcreate vg_name /dev/sdX
```
- Create a logical volume:
```
lvcreate -L size -n lv_name vg_name
```
34. DNS Configuration:
- Edit the DNS resolver configuration file:
```
sudo nano /etc/resolv.conf
```
- Flush DNS cache:
```
sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved
```
35. Kernel Modules:
- List loaded kernel modules:
```
lsmod
```
- Load a kernel module:
```
sudo modprobe module_name
```
- Unload a kernel module:
```
sudo modprobe -r module_name
```
36. SSH Key-Based Authentication:
- Generate an SSH key pair:
```
ssh-keygen
```
- Copy the public key to a remote host:
```
ssh-copy-id username@hostname
```
37. Backup and Restore:
- Create a backup using tar:
```
tar cvf backup.tar files/directories
```
- Extract files from a tar backup:
```
tar xvf backup.tar
```
- Create a backup using rsync:
```
rsync -avz source_directory destination_directory
```
38. System Logging and Log Rotation:
- View the system log:
```
cat /var/log/syslog
```
- View log entries from a specific service:
```
cat /var/log/service_name.log
```
- Configure log rotation:
```
sudo nano /etc/logrotate.d/config_file
```
39. Printer Configuration:
- Add a printer:
```
sudo lpadmin -p printer_name -E -v printer_URI -m printer_driver
```
- List installed printers:
```
lpstat -p -d
```
- Print a file:
```
lp filename
```
40. System Shutdown and Reboot:
- Shutdown the system immediately:
```
sudo shutdown now
```
- Reboot the system:
```
sudo reboot
```
- Schedule a system shutdown:
```
sudo shutdown -h [time] [message]
```
41. Disk Usage Analysis:
- Display disk usage of a directory:
```
du -sh directory_path
```
- List the largest files/directories in a directory:
```
du -h directory_path | sort -rh | head -n 10
```
- Display disk usage of mounted filesystems:
```
df -h
```
42. Process Monitoring and Control:
- Monitor system processes:
```
ps aux
```
- Find processes by name:
```
pgrep process_name
```
- Send a signal to a process:
```
kill -SIGNAL process_id
```
43. Disk Quotas:
- Enable quotas on a filesystem:
```
sudo quotacheck -cug /path/to/filesystem
sudo quotaon /path/to/filesystem
```
- Set quotas for users or groups:
```
sudo edquota -u username
sudo edquota -g groupname
```
44. System Time and Date:
- Set the system date:
```
sudo date -s "YYYY-MM-DD"
```
- Set the system time:
```
sudo date -s "HH:MM:SS"
```
- Set the system time and date together:
```
sudo date -s "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS"
```
45. System Performance Monitoring:
- Monitor CPU usage:
```
mpstat
```
- Monitor memory usage:
```
free -h
```
- Monitor disk I/O:
```
iostat
```
46. Scheduling Tasks:
- Edit the crontab for the current user:
```
crontab -e
```
- Schedule a task to run at a specific time:
```
* * * * * command
```
- Schedule a task to run at regular intervals:
```
*/5 * * * * command
```
47. Firewall Configuration:
- Allow incoming traffic on a specific port:
```
sudo ufw allow port_number
```
- Deny incoming traffic on a specific port:
```
sudo ufw deny port_number
```
- Enable the firewall:
```
sudo ufw enable
```
48. Software RAID Monitoring:
- Check the status of RAID arrays:
```
mdadm --detail /dev/mdX
```
- Monitor the status of RAID arrays:
```
watch cat /proc/mdstat
```
49. User and Group Management:
- Create a new user:
```
sudo useradd username
```
- Set a password for a user:
```
sudo passwd username
```
- Create a new group:
```
sudo groupadd groupname
```
50. Disk Quotas:
- Enable quotas on a filesystem:
```
sudo quotacheck -cug /path/to/filesystem
sudo quotaon /path/to/filesystem
```
- Set quotas for users or groups:
```
sudo edquota -u username
sudo edquota -g groupname
```
51. System Logs and Log Files:
- Display the last few lines of a log file:
```
tail -n N log_file
```
- Monitor a log file in real-time:
```
tail -f log_file
```
- Rotate log files:
```
sudo logrotate -f /etc/logrotate.conf
```
52. System Backup and Restore:
- Create a full system backup with tar:
```
sudo tar cvpzf backup.tar.gz --exclude=/backup.tar.gz --one-file-system /
```
- Restore a system from a backup:
```
sudo tar xvpfz backup.tar.gz -C /
```
53. Package Management:
- Update package lists:
```
sudo apt update
```
- Install a package:
```
sudo apt install package_name
```
- Remove a package:
```
sudo apt remove package_name
```
54. Network Address Translation (NAT):
- Enable port forwarding with iptables:
```
sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport port_number -j DNAT --to-destination destination_ip:destination_port
```
- Enable IP masquerading:
```
sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
```
55. Network Troubleshooting:
- Check network connectivity with a specific host:
```
ping host
```
- Display network interface information:
```
ifconfig
```
- Check the routing table:
```
route -n
```
56. System Resource Control:
- Set ulimit values:
```
ulimit -a
ulimit -n 4096
```
- Set process priority using nice:
```
nice -n value command
```
- Limit CPU usage with cpulimit:
```
cpulimit -l percentage -p process_id
```
57. X Window System:
- Start an X application on a remote host:
```
ssh -X username@hostname command
```
- View current X display information:
```
echo $DISPLAY
```
- Start a GUI session with startx:
```
startx
```
58. System Rescue and Recovery:
- Boot into a rescue mode:
```
boot: linux rescue
```
- Mount the root filesystem:
```
chroot /mnt/sysimage
```
- Reset the root password:
```
passwd
```
59. Virtualization Concepts:
- Create a virtual machine with VirtualBox:
```
VBoxManage createvm --name vm_name --ostype Linux --register
```
- Start a virtual machine with VirtualBox:
```
VBoxManage startvm vm_name
```
- Install virtualization packages with KVM:
```
sudo apt install qemu-kvm libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-clients virtinst
```
60. Shell Scripting:
- Create a shell script:
```shell
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, world!"
```
- Make a shell script executable:
```shell
chmod +x script.sh
```
- Run a shell script:
```shell
./script.sh
```
61. Network File Sharing:
- Mount a remote directory using NFS:
```shell
sudo mount -t nfs server_ip:/path/to/share local_mount_point
```
- Export a directory for NFS sharing:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/exports
```
- Restart the NFS service after making changes:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart nfs-server
```
62. Automated System Installation:
- Create a Kickstart file for automated installation:
```shell
sudo nano ks.cfg
```
- Perform a Kickstart installation:
```shell
sudo anaconda --kickstart /path/to/ks.cfg
```
63. Remote System Administration:
- Connect to a remote system using SSH:
```shell
ssh username@hostname
```
- Securely copy files between local and remote systems using SCP:
```shell
scp file username@hostname:/path/to/destination
```
- Execute commands on remote systems using SSH:
```shell
ssh username@hostname command
```
64. Filesystem Encryption:
- Encrypt a filesystem using LUKS:
```shell
sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdX
```
- Open an encrypted filesystem:
```shell
sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdX encrypted_name
```
- Format an encrypted filesystem:
```shell
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/encrypted_name
```
65. Web Servers:
- Install Apache HTTP Server:
```shell
sudo apt install apache2
```
- Start, stop, or restart Apache service:
```shell
sudo systemctl start apache2
sudo systemctl stop apache2
sudo systemctl restart apache2
```
- Configure a virtual host in Apache:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.conf
```
66. Email Services:
- Install Postfix mail server:
```shell
sudo apt install postfix
```
- Configure Postfix:
```shell
sudo dpkg-reconfigure postfix
```
- View mail queue:
```shell
mailq
```
67. MySQL/MariaDB Databases:
- Install MySQL/MariaDB server:
```shell
sudo apt install mysql-server
```
- Secure MySQL/MariaDB installation:
```shell
sudo mysql_secure_installation
```
- Connect to MySQL/MariaDB server:
```shell
mysql -u username -p
```
68. Web Proxy Servers:
- Install Squid proxy server:
```shell
sudo apt install squid
```
- Configure Squid proxy:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
```
- Start, stop, or restart Squid service:
```shell
sudo systemctl start squid
sudo systemctl stop squid
sudo systemctl restart squid
```
69. Network File Systems:
- Mount a remote filesystem using SSHFS:
```shell
sshfs username@hostname:/remote/path /local/mount/point
```
- Unmount a remote filesystem:
```shell
fusermount -u /local/mount/point
```
70. Network Monitoring:
- Monitor network traffic using tcpdump:
```shell
sudo tcpdump -i interface
```
- Monitor network connections using netstat:
```shell
netstat -tuln
```
- Display network statistics using ifstat:
```shell
ifstat -a
```
71. DNS Configuration:
- Install the DNS server (BIND):
```shell
sudo apt install bind9
```
- Configure DNS zones:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local
```
- Restart the DNS service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart bind9
```
72. Network Authentication:
- Install and configure OpenLDAP server:
```shell
sudo apt install slapd ldap-utils
sudo dpkg-reconfigure slapd
```
- Add an LDAP entry:
```shell
ldapadd -x -D "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" -W -f entry.ldif
```
- Search for LDAP entries:
```shell
ldapsearch -x -b "dc=example,dc=com" "(objectClass=*)"
```
73. HTTP/HTTPS Proxy Configuration:
- Install and configure Squid as an HTTP proxy server:
```shell
sudo apt install squid
sudo nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
```
- Enable HTTPS filtering with Squid:
```shell
sudo apt install ssl-cert
sudo nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
```
- Restart Squid service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart squid
```
74. Remote File Sharing:
- Configure NFS exports:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/exports
sudo exportfs -ra
```
- Mount NFS shares:
```shell
sudo mount -t nfs server:/remote/path /local/mount/point
```
- Verify mounted NFS shares:
```shell
mount | grep nfs
```
75. Network Troubleshooting Tools:
- Check network connectivity with ping:
```shell
ping host
```
- Display routing table:
```shell
ip route show
```
- Perform DNS lookup with dig:
```shell
dig domain
```
76. File Permissions:
- Set permissions using octal notation:
```shell
chmod 755 file
```
- Set permissions using symbolic notation:
```shell
chmod u+rwx,go-w file
```
- Change ownership of a file or directory:
```shell
chown username:groupname file
```
77. Network File Transfer:
- Transfer files using scp:
```shell
scp local_file username@hostname:/path/to/destination
```
- Transfer files using rsync:
```shell
rsync -avz source_dir username@hostname:/path/to/destination
```
78. Package Management:
- Install packages using yum:
```shell
sudo yum install package_name
```
- Update packages using yum:
```shell
sudo yum update
```
- Search for packages using yum:
```shell
yum search package_name
```
79. System Monitoring and Performance:
- Monitor system resource usage with top:
```shell
top
```
- Display system uptime:
```shell
uptime
```
- Monitor system performance with sar:
```shell
sar -u
```
80. Network Services:
- Start, stop, or restart a service using systemctl:
```shell
sudo systemctl start service_name
sudo systemctl stop service_name
sudo systemctl restart service_name
```
81. System Shutdown and Reboot:
- Shutdown the system immediately:
```shell
sudo shutdown -h now
```
- Schedule a system reboot:
```shell
sudo shutdown -r 15:00
```
- Cancel a scheduled shutdown or reboot:
```shell
sudo shutdown -c
```
82. Shell Environment Variables:
- Display the value of an environment variable:
```shell
echo $VAR_NAME
```
- Set the value of an environment variable:
```shell
VAR_NAME=value
export VAR_NAME
```
- List all environment variables:
```shell
printenv
```
83. System Performance Optimization:
- Optimize disk performance with the fstrim command:
```shell
sudo fstrim -a
```
- Optimize memory usage with swappiness:
```shell
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10
```
- Optimize network performance with MTU:
```shell
sudo ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500
```
84. System Security:
- Configure firewall rules with iptables:
```shell
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport port_number -j ACCEPT
```
- Enable automatic security updates:
```shell
sudo apt install unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure unattended-upgrades
```
85. Backup and Restore:
- Create a backup using rsync:
```shell
rsync -avz source_dir destination_dir
```
- Restore files from a backup:
```shell
rsync -avz backup_dir destination_dir
```
86. File Compression and Archiving:
- Compress a file or directory with tar and gzip:
```shell
tar czvf archive.tar.gz file_or_directory
```
- Extract files from a tar.gz archive:
```shell
tar xzvf archive.tar.gz
```
87. Network File System (NFS) Server:
- Install NFS server components:
```shell
sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server
```
- Export a directory for NFS sharing:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/exports
sudo exportfs -a
```
88. DNS Client Configuration:
- Configure DNS client settings:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/resolv.conf
```
89. System Startup:
- Manage system services with systemctl:
```shell
sudo systemctl enable service_name
sudo systemctl disable service_name
```
- Configure default runlevel:
```shell
sudo systemctl set-default target_name
```
90. System Logging:
- View system logs with journalctl:
```shell
journalctl
```
- Filter logs by unit or service:
```shell
journalctl -u service_name
```
- View logs from a specific time range:
```shell
journalctl --since "2023-01-01" --until "2023-01-02"
```
91. Filesystem Management:
- Create a new file:
```shell
touch file_name
```
- Create a new directory:
```shell
mkdir directory_name
```
- Remove a file or directory:
```shell
rm file_name
rm -r directory_name
```
92. User and Group Management:
- Create a new user:
```shell
sudo adduser username
```
- Create a new group:
```shell
sudo addgroup groupname
```
- Add a user to a group:
```shell
sudo adduser username groupname
```
93. Process Management:
- List running processes:
```shell
ps aux
```
- Send a signal to a process:
```shell
kill -SIGNAL PID
```
- Monitor process activity with top:
```shell
top
```
94. Boot Process:
- View boot messages:
```shell
dmesg
```
- View system boot log:
```shell
less /var/log/boot.log
```
- Configure GRUB bootloader:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/default/grub
sudo update-grub
```
95. Disk Quotas:
- Enable disk quotas:
```shell
sudo apt install quota
sudo nano /etc/fstab
sudo mount -o remount,usrquota /dev/sdX
```
- Set quota limits for users:
```shell
sudo edquota -u username
```
- Check quota usage:
```shell
quota -u username
```
96. System Backup:
- Create a full system backup using tar:
```shell
sudo tar czvf backup.tar.gz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/tmp --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/dev --exclude=/sys /
```
- Create an incremental backup using rsync:
```shell
rsync -avz --link-dest=previous_backup source_dir destination_dir
```
- Schedule backups with cron:
```shell
sudo crontab -e
```
97. System Rescue:
- Boot into a rescue mode using a Live CD/USB:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/fstab
sudo mount /dev/sdX /mnt
sudo chroot /mnt
```
- Repair the GRUB bootloader:
```shell
sudo grub-install /dev/sdX
sudo update-grub
```
98. System Virtualization:
- Install VirtualBox:
```shell
sudo apt install virtualbox
```
- Create a virtual machine using VirtualBox:
```shell
vboxmanage createvm --name "VM_name" --ostype "Linux" --register
```
- Start a virtual machine:
```shell
vboxmanage startvm "VM_name"
```
99. System Backup and Recovery:
- Create a backup of the MBR (Master Boot Record):
```shell
sudo dd if=/dev/sdX of=mbr_backup bs=512 count=1
```
- Restore the MBR:
```shell
sudo dd if=mbr_backup of=/dev/sdX bs=512 count=1
```
100. SELinux:
- Check SELinux status:
```shell
sestatus
```
- Configure SELinux mode:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/selinux/config
```
- Change file SELinux context:
```shell
chcon -t type file
```
101. Systemd:
- View service status:
```shell
systemctl status service_name
```
- Enable or disable a service:
```shell
sudo systemctl enable service_name
sudo systemctl disable service_name
```
- View service logs:
```shell
journalctl -u service_name
```
102. RAID Configuration:
- Create a RAID 1 array:
```shell
sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=mirror --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdX /dev/sdY
```
- Display RAID information:
```shell
sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md0
```
- Monitor RAID array:
```shell
watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat
```
103. SSH Server Configuration:
- Edit SSH server configuration:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
```
- Restart SSH service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart sshd
```
- Generate SSH key pair:
```shell
ssh-keygen
```
104. System Performance Tuning:
- Configure kernel parameters:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p
```
- Monitor system performance with sar:
```shell
sar -q
```
- Analyze system resource usage with atop:
```shell
atop
```
105. System Automation:
- Schedule a task with cron:
```shell
crontab -e
```
- Schedule a task with systemd timers:
```shell
sudo systemctl edit --force --full task_name.timer
sudo systemctl start task_name.timer
```
106. LDAP Configuration:
- Install LDAP client utilities:
```shell
sudo apt install ldap-utils
```
- Configure LDAP client:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/ldap/ldap.conf
```
- Test LDAP connectivity:
```shell
ldapsearch -x -LLL -b "dc=example,dc=com" "(objectClass=*)"
```
107. Samba Server Configuration:
- Install Samba server:
```shell
sudo apt install samba
```
- Configure Samba shares:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf
```
- Restart Samba service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart smbd
```
108. Kernel Modules:
- List loaded kernel modules:
```shell
lsmod
```
- Load a kernel module:
```shell
sudo modprobe module_name
```
- Blacklist a kernel module:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
```
109. Network Bonding:
- Install bonding driver:
```shell
sudo apt install ifenslave
```
- Configure network bonding:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
```
- Activate bonded interface:
```shell
sudo ifup bond0
```
110. System Resource Control:
- Limit user resource usage with ulimit:
```shell
ulimit -n 1000
```
- Limit system resource usage with systemd resource control:
```shell
sudo systemctl edit --force --full service_name
```
- View system resource usage with cgroupstats:
```shell
cgroupstats
```
111. DNS Server Configuration:
- Install DNS server (BIND):
```shell
sudo apt install bind9
```
- Configure DNS zones:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local
```
- Restart DNS server:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart bind9
```
112. NTP Configuration:
- Install NTP daemon:
```shell
sudo apt install ntp
```
- Configure NTP server:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/ntp.conf
```
- Synchronize time with NTP server:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart ntp
```
113. Web Server Configuration:
- Install Apache web server:
```shell
sudo apt install apache2
```
- Configure virtual hosts:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_site.conf
```
- Restart Apache service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart apache2
```
114. Database Server Configuration:
- Install MySQL server:
```shell
sudo apt install mysql-server
```
- Secure MySQL installation:
```shell
sudo mysql_secure_installation
```
- Connect to MySQL server:
```shell
mysql -u username -p
```
115. Email Server Configuration:
- Install Postfix mail server:
```shell
sudo apt install postfix
```
- Configure Postfix:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf
```
- Restart Postfix service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart postfix
```
116. Proxy Server Configuration:
- Install Squid proxy server:
```shell
sudo apt install squid
```
- Configure Squid proxy:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
```
- Restart Squid service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart squid
```
117. DHCP Server Configuration:
- Install DHCP server (ISC DHCP):
```shell
sudo apt install isc-dhcp-server
```
- Configure DHCP server:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
```
- Restart DHCP service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart isc-dhcp-server
```
118. FTP Server Configuration:
- Install vsftpd FTP server:
```shell
sudo apt install vsftpd
```
- Configure vsftpd:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
```
- Restart vsftpd service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart vsftpd
```
119. SNMP Configuration:
- Install SNMP daemon:
```shell
sudo apt install snmpd
```
- Configure SNMP:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
```
- Restart SNMP service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart snmpd
```
120. Virtualization:
- Install KVM hypervisor:
```shell
sudo apt install qemu-kvm libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-clients bridge-utils virtinst virt-manager
```
- Create a virtual machine with virt-install:
```shell
sudo virt-install --name vm_name --ram 2048 --disk path=/path/to/disk_image.img,size=20 --vcpus 2 --os-type linux --os-variant ubuntu20.04 --network bridge=br0 --graphics none --console pty,target_type=serial --location 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/focal/main/installer-amd64/' --extra-args 'console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'
```
- Manage virtual machines with virsh:
```shell
sudo virsh list --all
sudo virsh start vm_name
```
121. X Window System:
- Start the X Window System:
```shell
startx
```
- Switch between virtual terminals:
```
Ctrl + Alt + F1 (or F2, F3, etc.)
```
- Display X Window System information:
```shell
xdpyinfo
```
122. Bash Scripting:
- Create a bash script file:
```shell
nano script.sh
```
- Make a script file executable:
```shell
chmod +x script.sh
```
- Run a bash script:
```shell
./script.sh
```
123. File Permissions:
- Change file permissions:
```shell
chmod permissions file
```
- Change file ownership:
```shell
chown user:group file
```
- Change group ownership of a directory and its contents:
```shell
chown -R :group directory
```
124. Network Troubleshooting:
- Check network connectivity with ping:
```shell
ping hostname_or_ip
```
- Check open ports with netstat:
```shell
netstat -tuln
```
- Trace the route to a host with traceroute:
```shell
traceroute hostname_or_ip
```
125. System Monitoring:
- Monitor CPU usage with top:
```shell
top
```
- Monitor memory usage with free:
```shell
free -h
```
- Monitor disk usage with df:
```shell
df -h
```
126. System Logging:
- View system logs with journalctl:
```shell
journalctl
```
- Filter logs by specific unit or service:
```shell
journalctl -u unit_name
```
- Filter logs by specific time range:
```shell
journalctl --since "yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS" --until "yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS"
```
127. Backup and Restore with rsync:
- Backup files and directories with rsync:
```shell
rsync -avz source_directory/ destination_directory/
```
- Restore files and directories from a backup:
```shell
rsync -avz backup_directory/ destination_directory/
```
128. System Security:
- Configure firewall rules with UFW:
```shell
sudo ufw allow port_number
sudo ufw enable
```
- Enable and configure fail2ban for intrusion prevention:
```shell
sudo apt install fail2ban
sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
sudo systemctl enable --now fail2ban
```
129. Secure Shell (SSH):
- Generate SSH key pair:
```shell
ssh-keygen
```
- Copy SSH public key to remote server:
```shell
ssh-copy-id user@remote_server
```
- Connect to a remote server via SSH:
```shell
ssh user@remote_server
```
130. System Maintenance:
- Check disk usage with du:
```shell
du -sh directory
```
- Check process information with ps:
```shell
ps aux
```
- Check system load average with uptime:
```shell
uptime
```
131. File Compression and Archiving:
- Create a compressed tar archive:
```shell
tar -czvf archive.tar.gz directory/
```
- Extract a compressed tar archive:
```shell
tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz
```
- Create a zip archive:
```shell
zip -r archive.zip directory/
```
- Extract a zip archive:
```shell
unzip archive.zip
```
132. User and Group Management:
- Create a new user:
```shell
sudo adduser username
```
- Change user password:
```shell
sudo passwd username
```
- Add a user to a group:
```shell
sudo usermod -aG groupname username
```
133. Network File Sharing with NFS:
- Install NFS server:
```shell
sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server
```
- Configure NFS exports:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/exports
```
- Export NFS shares:
```shell
sudo exportfs -a
```
134. Managing Printers:
- Install CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System):
```shell
sudo apt install cups
```
- Configure CUPS:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
```
- Restart CUPS service:
```shell
sudo systemctl restart cups
```
135. System Rescue and Recovery:
- Boot into single-user mode for system recovery:
- Interrupt the boot process and edit the kernel command line.
- Append "single" or "1" at the end of the line.
- Press Enter and continue booting.
- Use a rescue disk or Live CD for system recovery and repair.
136. System Performance Monitoring:
- Monitor CPU usage with mpstat:
```shell
mpstat
```
- Monitor memory usage with vmstat:
```shell
vmstat
```
- Monitor disk I/O with iostat:
```shell
iostat
```
137. System Startup and Shutdown:
- Configure services to start at boot with systemd:
```shell
sudo systemctl enable service_name
```
- Start a service:
```shell
sudo systemctl start service_name
```
- Stop a service:
```shell
sudo systemctl stop service_name
```
138. Software Package Management:
- Update package lists:
```shell
sudo apt update
```
- Install a package:
```shell
sudo apt install package_name
```
- Upgrade installed packages:
```shell
sudo apt upgrade
```
139. Remote Administration:
- Connect to a remote server via SSH with key-based authentication:
```shell
ssh -i path/to/private_key.pem user@remote_server
```
- Transfer files between local and remote systems with scp:
```shell
scp path/to/local/file user@remote_server:/path/to/destination
```
140. System Logs and Log Files:
- View system log files with tail:
```shell
tail -n 100 /var/log/syslog
```
- Search for specific entries in log files with grep:
```shell
grep "search_term" /var/log/syslog
```
141. Disk Partitioning:
- List disk partitions:
```shell
lsblk
```
- Create a new partition with fdisk:
```shell
sudo fdisk /dev/sdX
```
- Format a partition with a file system:
```shell
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX1
```
142. Filesystem Management:
- Mount a filesystem:
```shell
sudo mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
```
- Automatically mount filesystems at boot:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/fstab
```
143. Kernel Modules:
- List loaded kernel modules:
```shell
lsmod
```
- Load a kernel module:
```shell
sudo modprobe module_name
```
- Remove a kernel module:
```shell
sudo rmmod module_name
```
144. Network Configuration Files:
- Configure network interfaces:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
```
- Configure DNS resolution:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/resolv.conf
```
145. System Backup and Restore:
- Create a full system backup with tar:
```shell
sudo tar -cvpzf backup.tar.gz --exclude=/backup.tar.gz --one-file-system /
```
- Restore a system backup:
```shell
sudo tar -xvpzf backup.tar.gz -C /
```
146. Process Management:
- List running processes:
```shell
ps aux
```
- Send signals to processes:
```shell
kill -SIGNAL PID
```
147. Kernel Configuration:
- Configure kernel parameters:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf
```
- Apply kernel parameter changes:
```shell
sudo sysctl -p
```